I ke kakahiaka o ʻApelila 21, 2014, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka musk ma Beijing Qiaofu Fangcao e ka mokulele pilikino a hele i ke Kuhina ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana o Kina no ka huakaʻi mua e makaʻala i ka wā e hiki mai ana no ke komo ʻana o Tesla i Kina.Ua paipai mau ke Kuhina o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana iā Tesla, akā i kēia manawa ua pani ʻo musk i ka puka a loaʻa ka pane penei: Ke noʻonoʻo nei ʻo Kina i ka hoʻoponopono ʻauhau o nā kaʻa uila.Ma mua o ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, e uku ʻia nā kumu hoʻohālike he 25% ka uku e like me nā kaʻa wahie maʻamau.

No laila, hoʻolālā ʻo musk e "hoʻōho" ma o ka hui ʻo geek Park innovators summit.Ma ke keʻena nui o ka hale ʻaha mele ʻo Zhongshan, ua noho ʻo Yang Yuanqing, Zhou Hongyi, Zhang Yiming a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ma ke kahua.A kali ʻo musk ma hope o ke kahua, lawe ʻo ia i kāna kelepona paʻa a tweet.I ke kani ʻana o ke mele, hele ʻo ia i ke kahua me ka ʻoliʻoli a me ka paʻi.Akā i kona hoʻi ʻana i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻo ia a hoʻopiʻi: "Ma Kina, ua like mākou me kahi pēpē kolo."

Mai ia manawa, aia ʻo Tesla ma kahi o ka banekorupa no nā manawa he nui no ka mea maʻamau ka bearish ka mākeke a ua alakaʻi ka pilikia dystocia i ka hapalua makahiki ka lōʻihi o ka hōʻiliʻili o nā mea kūʻai aku.ʻO ka hopena, ua hāʻule ka musk a ua puhi i ka marijuana ola, e hiamoe ana i kahi hale hana Kaleponi i kēlā me kēia lā e nānā i ka holomua.ʻO ke ala maikaʻi loa e hoʻoponopono ai i ka pilikia hiki ke kūkulu i nā hale hana super ma Kina.I kēia hopena, uē ʻo musk i kāna ʻōlelo ma Hong Kong: no nā mea kūʻai aku Kina, ua aʻo ʻo ia e hoʻohana i ka wechat.

Holo ka manawa.Ma Ianuali 7, 2020, hele hou mai ʻo musk i Shanghai a hāʻawi i ka pūʻulu mua o nā kī hoʻohālike home 3 i nā mea nona nā kaʻa Kina ma Tesla Shanghai Super factory.ʻO kāna mau ʻōlelo mua: Mahalo i ke aupuni Kina.He hulahula ho'i 'o ia ma ia wahi.Mai ia manawa, me ka hōʻemi nui ʻana o ke kumu kūʻai o ka home model 3, nui ka poʻe i loko a i waho o ka ʻoihana i ʻōlelo me ka weliweli: e hiki mai ana ka hopena o nā kaʻa ikaika hou o Kina.

Eia nō naʻe, i ka makahiki i hala aku nei, ua ʻike ʻo Tesla i nā hanana rollover nui, e like me ka puhi ʻana o ka pākaukau, ka ʻenekini i waho o ka mana, ka lele ʻana o ka lani, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.I kēia mau lā, ma muli o ka pau ʻole o ka mana o nā kaʻa hou, ua hoʻohewa ʻia ʻo Tesla e ka media waena.ʻO ka pili ʻana, he mea maʻamau ka pilikia ʻo Tesla shrinkage, nā mea nona nā kaʻa ma ka Pūnaewele e hoʻohewa pū kekahi i kekahi.

I ka nānā ʻana i kēia, ua hana kūhelu nā ʻāpana mokuʻāina.I kēia mau lā, ua nīnauele ka General Administration o ka mākaʻikaʻi mākeke a me nā keʻena ʻelima ʻē aʻe iā Tesla, ka mea nui i pili i nā pilikia e like me ka wikiwiki ʻana, ke ahi pākaukau, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā kaʻa mamao, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. .

Pehea ka nui o ka pākaukau lithium?Ke nānā nei i hope i ke ʻano o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻoihana, ʻike maoli ʻo Kina i ka ʻenehana kumu?Pehea e hoʻokō ai i ka holomua?

1/ Ka mea hana nui o ka manawa

I ke kenekulia 20, ua hoʻonui ke kanaka i ka waiwai ma mua o ka huina o nā makahiki 2000 i hala.Ma waena o lākou, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana he ikaika koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka moʻomeheu honua a me ka hoʻomohala waiwai.I loko o nā haneli makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻo nā mea ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana i hana ʻia e ke kanaka, ua like ka nani me he mau hōkū, a ʻelua o lākou i ʻike ʻia he mana koʻikoʻi i ka hana mōʻaukala.ʻO ka mea mua he transistors, inā ʻaʻole ia he kamepiula;ʻO ka lua, ʻo ia nā pākahi lithium-ion, me ka ʻole o ka honua e ʻike ʻole ʻia.

I kēia mau lā, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā pākahi lithium i nā piliona kelepona paʻalima, laptops a me nā huahana uila ʻē aʻe i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a me nā miliona o nā kaʻa ikehu hou, a me nā mea lawe lima a pau ma ka honua e pono ke hoʻouka.Eia kekahi, me ka hiki ʻana mai o ka hoʻololi kaʻa kaʻa hou a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā polokalamu kelepona hou aku, e loaʻa i ka ʻoihana pākaukau lithium kahi wā e hiki mai ana.No ka laʻana, ua hiki i ka 200 biliona yuan ka waiwai hoʻopuka makahiki o nā kelepona pākahi lithium, a ʻo ka wā e hiki mai ana ma kahi kokoke.

ʻO nā hoʻolālā a me nā papa hana no ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā kaʻa wahie i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā ʻāina like ʻole o ka honua e "icing on the cake".ʻO ka mea mua loa ʻo Norewai i ka makahiki 2025, a ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Iapana a me nā ʻāina he nui o ʻEulopa a puni 2035. ʻAʻohe hoʻolālā manawa maopopo ʻo Kina.Inā ʻaʻohe ʻenehana hou i ka wā e hiki mai ana, e ulu mau ka ʻoihana pākaukau lithium no nā makahiki.Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ka mea nona ka ʻenehana koʻikoʻi o ka pākaukau lithium, ʻo ia hoʻi ka loaʻa ʻana o ke koʻokoʻo e hoʻomalu i ka ʻoihana.

Ua hoʻonohonoho nā ʻāina ʻEulopa Komohana i ka manawa no ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā kaʻa wahie

I loko o nā makahiki, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Kina, Iapana a me South Korea i ka hoʻokūkū ikaika a hiki i ka scuffle ma ke kahua o nā pā lithium, e pili ana i nā ʻepekema kaulana he nui, nā kula kiʻekiʻe a me nā keʻena noiʻi, a me nā pilikua a me nā consortia kapikala. ʻoihana ʻaila, kemika, kaʻa, ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana.ʻO wai ka mea i manaʻo ua like ke ala hoʻomohala o ka ʻoihana pākaukau lithium honua me ka semiconductor: ua hoʻomaka ʻia ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o Iapana a me South Korea, a hope loa i lilo ʻia e Kina.

I nā makahiki 1970 a me 1980, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻenehana pākahi lithium ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika.Ma hope mai, ua hoʻokumu ka poʻe ʻAmelika i ka lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide a me ka lithium iron phosphate batteries, nāna i alakaʻi i ka ʻoihana.I ka makahiki 1991, ʻo Iapana ka mea mua i hana i ka ʻenehana lithium-ion, akā ua hoʻomau ka mākeke.ʻO South Korea, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ke hilinaʻi nei i ka mokuʻāina e pana i mua.I ka manawa like, me ke kākoʻo ikaika o ke aupuni, ua hana ʻo Kina i ka ʻoihana pākaukau lithium ka mea mua ma ka honua i kēlā me kēia pae.

I ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻoihana pākaukau lithium, ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika a me Iapana kahi hana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻenehana.I ka makahiki 2019, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka Nobel Prize in chemistry i nā ʻepekema ʻAmelika ʻo John goodinaf, Stanley whitingham a me ka ʻepekema Kepani ʻo Yoshino i ka ʻike ʻana i kā lākou hāʻawi ʻana i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pā lithium-ion.Ma muli o ka lanakila ʻana o nā ʻepekema mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Iapana i ka makana Nobel, hiki anei iā Kina ke alakaʻi i ka ʻenehana kumu o nā pā lithium?

2/ ʻO ke kupapaʻu o ka pā lithium 

ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻenehana pākaukau lithium honua he ala lōʻihi e hahai ai.I ka makahiki 1970 mua, i ka pane ʻana i ka pilikia aila, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Exxon i kahi keʻena noiʻi ma New Jersey, e ʻimi ana i ka helu nui o nā talena kiʻekiʻe i ka physics a me ke kemika, me Stanley whitingham, he hoa postdoctoral i ka electrochemistry solid state ma Stanford University.ʻO kāna pahuhopu, ʻo ia ke kūkulu hou ʻana i kahi hoʻonā ikehu hou, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hoʻomohala i kahi hanauna hou o nā ʻanuʻu rechargeable.

Ma ka manawa like, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Bell Labs i kahi hui o nā mea kemika a me nā physicists mai ke Kulanui ʻo Stanford.Ua hoʻomaka nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua i ka hoʻokūkū paʻakikī loa i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenekini o ka hanauna e hiki mai ana.ʻOiai inā pili ka noiʻi, "ʻaʻole pilikia ke kālā.".Ma hope o ʻelima mau makahiki o ka noiʻi huna ʻana, ua kūkulu mua ʻo whitingham a me kāna hui i ka pākaukau lithium-ion rechargeable mua loa o ka honua.

Hoʻohana ʻia kēia pākaukau lithium i ka titanium sulfide ma ke ʻano he cathode a me ka lithium ma ke ʻano he anode.Loaʻa iā ia nā pōmaikaʻi o ke kaumaha māmā, ka mana nui a ʻaʻohe hopena hoʻomanaʻo.I ka manawa like, hoʻolei ia i nā hemahema o ka pākaukau mua, hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia he lele qualitative.I ka makahiki 1976, ua noi ʻo Exxon no ka patent no ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka pākaukau lithium mua o ka honua, akā ʻaʻole i pōmaikaʻi mai ka ʻoihana.Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole pili kēia i ka inoa o whitingham ma ke ʻano he "makuakāne o ka lithium" a me kona kūlana ma ka honua.

ʻOiai ua hoʻoulu ʻia ka ʻoihana i ka mea i hana ʻia e whitingham, ua hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ka hui e hoʻopaʻa ana i ka pākaukau a me ka ʻūhā kūloko i ka hui, me ka gudinaf.No laila, ua hoʻomau ʻo ia a me ʻelua mau mea kōkua postdoctoral i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka papaʻaina me ka ʻōnaehana.I ka makahiki 1980, ua hoʻoholo hope lākou ʻo ka cobalt ka mea maikaʻi loa.ʻO ka lithium cobalt oxide, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka cathode o nā pā lithium-ion, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe i kēlā manawa a ua paʻa koke i ka mākeke.

Mai ia manawa, ua hana nui ka ʻenehana pākahi kanaka i mua.He aha ka hopena me ka lithium cobaltite?I ka pōkole, no ke aha i nui a kaumaha ai ka "kelepona nui"?No ka mea, ʻaʻohe pākahi lithium cobalt.Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai he nui nā pōmaikaʻi o ka pākaukau lithium cobalt oxide, ʻike ʻia kona mau hemahema ma hope o ka noi nui ʻana, me ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe, ka pale ʻana i ka overcharge maikaʻi ʻole a me ka hana pōʻai, a me ka pollution koʻikoʻi.

No laila ua hoʻomau ʻo goodinav a me kāna haumāna ʻo Mike Thackeray i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.I ka makahiki 1982, ua hana ʻo Thackeray i kahi pākaukau lithium manganate paionia.Akā ʻaʻole i liʻuliʻu, ua lele ʻo ia i Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) e aʻo i nā pā lithium.A ke hoʻomau nei ʻo goodinaf a me kāna hui i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea ʻē aʻe, e hōʻemi ana i ka papa inoa i ka hui pū ʻana o ka hao a me ka phosphorus ma ka hoʻololi hou ʻana i nā metala i ka papaʻaina.

I ka hopena, ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ka hao a me ka phosphorus i ka hoʻonohonoho i makemake ʻia e ka hui, akā ua hana lākou i kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe: ma hope o ka licoo3 a me LiMn2O4, ua hānau ʻia ke kolu o nā mea cathode no nā pā lithium-ion: LiFePO4.No laila, ʻekolu mau mea koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi lithium-ion mau electrodes maikaʻi i hānau ʻia ma ka hale hana o dinaf mai ka wā kahiko.Ua lilo hoʻi ʻo ia i wahi moe o nā pā lithium i ka honua, me ka hānau ʻana o nā mea ʻelua Nobel Prize chemists i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna.

I ka makahiki 1996, ua noi ke Kulanui o Texas i palapala hōʻailona ma ka inoa o ke keʻena hana o goodinaf.ʻO kēia ka patent kumu mua o ka pākaukau LiFePO4.Mai ia manawa, ua hui pū ʻo Michelle Armand, he ʻepekema lithium Farani, i ka hui a noi me ka dinaf no ka patent o LiFePO4 carbon coating technology, a lilo i ka lua o ka patent kumu o LiFePO4.ʻO kēia mau patent ʻelua nā patent koʻikoʻi ʻaʻole hiki ke kāpae ʻia i kekahi hihia.

3/ Hoʻololi ʻenehana

Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka noi ʻenehana, aia kahi pilikia koʻikoʻi e hoʻoponopono ʻia i ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole o ka pākaukau lithium cobalt oxide, no laila ʻaʻole i hana wikiwiki ʻia.I kēlā manawa, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka metala lithium e like me ka mea anode o nā pā lithium.ʻOiai hiki iā ia ke hāʻawi i ka nui o ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe, ua nui nā pilikia, e like me ka pauka lohi o ka mea anode a me ka nalowale o ka hana, a hiki i ka ulu ʻana o nā lithium dendrites ke hou aku i ka diaphragm, ka hopena i ka pōkole pōkole a i ʻole ka puhi ʻana a me ka pahū ʻana. pākaukau.

I ka paʻakikī loa o ka pilikia, ua ʻike ʻia ka poʻe Kepani.Ua hoʻomohala ʻo Sony i nā pākahi lithium no ka manawa lōʻihi, a ua nānā pono i nā hoʻomohala honua.Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe ʻike i ka wā a me kahi i loaʻa ai ka ʻenehana lithium cobaltite.I ka makahiki 1991, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo Sony i ka pākaukau lithium-ion pāʻoihana mua loa i ka mōʻaukala kanaka, a ua hoʻokomo i kekahi mau pahu pahu lithium cobalt oxide cylindrical i loko o ka pahu pahu ccd-tr1 hou loa.Mai ia manawa, ua kākau hou ʻia ka helehelena o nā mea kūʻai uila o ka honua.

Na Yoshino i hoʻoholo i kēia hoʻoholo koʻikoʻi.Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka carbon (graphite) ma kahi o ka lithium ma ke ʻano he anode o ka pā lithium, a hui pū me ka lithium cobalt oxide cathode.Hoʻomaikaʻi maoli kēia i ka hiki a me ke ola pōʻai o ka pā lithium, a hoʻemi i ke kumukūʻai, ʻo ia ka ikaika hope loa no ka ʻenehana ʻana o ka pā lithium.Mai ia manawa, ua ninini nā ʻoihana Kina a me Korea i ka nalu o ka ʻoihana pākaukau lithium, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻenehana ikehu hou (ATL) i kēia manawa.

Ma muli o ka ʻaihue ʻana o ka ʻenehana, ʻo ka "kuikahi kuleana" i hoʻomaka ʻia e ke Kulanui o Texas a me kekahi mau ʻoihana e hoʻohana ana i nā pahi kaua ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ka hopena o ka patent scuffle e pili ana i nā ʻāina a me nā hui.ʻOiai e noʻonoʻo mau ana ka poʻe ʻo LiFePO4 ka pā uila mana kūpono loa, ua hānau mālie ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana cathode hou e hui pū ana i nā pono o ka lithium niobate, lithium cobalt a me ka lithium manganese i kahi keʻena hana ma Kanada.

I ʻApelila 2001, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Jeff Dann, Polofesa o ka physics ma dalhous University a me ka ʻepekema poʻokela o ka hui 3M Canada, i ka mea kūʻai nui ʻo nickel cobalt manganese ternary composite cathode material, nāna i hoʻoikaika i ka pā lithium e haki i ka pae hope o ke komo ʻana i ka mākeke. .Ma ka lā 27 o ʻApelila o kēlā makahiki, ua noi ʻo 3M i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa no ka patent, ʻo ia ka patent kumu kumu o nā mea ternary.ʻO ia ke ʻano o ka lōʻihi o ka ʻōnaehana ternary, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke hele a puni.

Aneane i ka ia manawa, Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) mua manao i ka manaʻo o ka waiwai lithium, a ma luna o kēia kumu, invented layered lithium waiwai a me ka kiʻekiʻe manganese ternary mea, a me ka holomua noi no ka palapala hōʻailona ma 2004. A me ka mea i malama o ʻO kēia hoʻomohala ʻenehana ʻo thackerel, nāna i hana i ka lithium manganate.A hiki i ka 2012, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Tesla e wehe i ka manawa o ka piʻi mālie.Ua hāʻawi aku ʻo Musk i nā manawa he nui o ka uku kiʻekiʻe e kiʻi i nā poʻe mai ka 3M's lithium battery R&D department.

Ma ka lawe ʻana i kēia manawa, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo 3M i ka moku ma ke ʻano o kēia manawa, a hoʻohana i ka hoʻolālā o "hele ka poʻe, akā mau nā kuleana patent", hoʻopau loa i ka ʻoihana pākaukau, a loaʻa ka waiwai kiʻekiʻe ma o ka lawe ʻana aku i nā patent a me ka hana ʻenehana.Ua hāʻawi ʻia nā patent i kekahi mau ʻoihana pākahi lithium Iapana a me Korea e like me Elektron, Panasonic, Hitachi, Samsung, LG, L & F a me SK, a me nā mea cathode e like me Shanshan, Hunan Ruixiang a me Beida Xianxian ma Kina. ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻumi ʻoihana i ka huina.

Hāʻawi ʻia nā patent a Anl i ʻekolu hui: BASF, kahi hui kemika Kelemania, ʻoihana Toyoda, kahi hale hana cathode Kepani, a me LG, kahi hui ʻo South Korea.Ma hope mai, a puni ka hoʻokūkū patent koʻikoʻi o nā mea ternary, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻelua mau hui noiʻi kulanui ʻoihana kiʻekiʻe.Ua hoʻohālikelike kēia i ka ikaika ʻenehana "innate" o nā ʻoihana pākaukau lithium ma ke komohana, Iapana a me South Korea, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i loaʻa nui iā Kina.

4/ Ke piʻi ʻana o nā ʻoihana Kina

No ka mea ʻaʻole ʻike ʻo Kina i ka ʻenehana koʻikoʻi, pehea i haki ai ke kūlana?ʻAʻole lōʻihi loa ka noiʻi ʻana o ka pā uila lithium o Kina, kokoke i hui pū ʻia me ka honua.I ka hopena o nā makahiki 1970, ma lalo o ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a Chen Liquan, he mea hoʻonaʻauao o ka Chinese Academy of Engineering ma Kelemānia, ua hoʻokumu ka Institute of physics o ka Chinese Academy of Science i ka hale hana ion paʻa mua ma Kina, a hoʻomaka i ka noiʻi ma ka lithium- nā mea hoʻokele ion a me nā pākahi lithium.I ka makahiki 1995, ua hānau ʻia ka pākahi lithium mua o Kina ma ka Institute of physics, Chinese Academy of Science.

I ka manawa like, mahalo i ka piʻi ʻana o nā mea hoʻohana uila i nā makahiki 1990, ua piʻi nā pā lithium o Kina i ka manawa like, a me ka puka ʻana o "ʻehā pilikua", ʻo Lishen, BYD, bick a me ATL.ʻOiai ua alakaʻi ʻo Iapana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana, ma muli o ka pilikia ola, kūʻai aku ʻo Sanyo Electric iā Panasonic, a kūʻai aku ʻo Sony i kāna ʻoihana pākaukau lithium i ka hana ʻana o Murata.I ka hoʻokūkū ikaika ma ka mākeke, ʻo BYD a me ATL wale nō ka "ʻehā nui" ma Kina.

I ka makahiki 2011, ua kāohi ke aupuni Kina i ka "papa inoa keʻokeʻo" i nā ʻoihana kālā ʻē aʻe.Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana e ke kapikala Iapana, ua pau ka ʻike o ATL.No laila, ua hoʻolālā ʻo Zeng Yuqun, ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu iā ATL, e hana kūʻokoʻa i ka ʻoihana pākaukau mana, e ʻae i ke kapikala Kina e komo i loko, a hoʻoheheʻe i nā ʻāpana o ka hui makua TDK, ʻaʻole naʻe i ʻae ʻia.No laila ua hoʻokumu ʻo Zeng Yuqun i ke au o Ningde (catl), a ua holomua i ka ʻenehana kumu mua, a lilo i lio ʻeleʻele.

Ma ke ʻano o ke ala ʻenehana, koho ʻo BYD i ka pākaukau lithium iron phosphate palekana a maikaʻi hoʻi, he ʻokoʻa ia mai ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe lithium ternary pākahiko i ka wā Ningde.Pili kēia i ke ʻano hana ʻoihana a BYD.ʻO Wang Chuanfu, ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka hui, kākoʻo i ka "ʻai ʻana i ka ʻohe a hiki i ka hopena".Ma waho aʻe o ke aniani a me nā kaʻa, kokoke i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe a pau o ke kaʻa e hana ʻia a kūʻai ʻia e ia iho, a laila hoʻokūkū me ka honua o waho me ka uku kumukūʻai.Ma muli o kēia, ua paʻa ʻo BYD i ka lua o ka wahi ma ka mākeke home no ka manawa lōʻihi.

Akā ʻo ka pōmaikaʻi o BYD ʻo ia hoʻi kona nāwaliwali: hana ʻo ia i nā pākaukau a kūʻai aku i nā kaʻa, kahi e hilinaʻi maoli ai nā mea hana ʻē aʻe a makemake e hāʻawi i nā kauoha i nā mea hoʻokūkū ma mua o lākou iho.No ka laʻana, ʻo Tesla, ʻoiai ʻo BYD's LiFePO4 ʻenehana puʻupuʻu i hōʻiliʻili hou aku, ke koho nei i ka ʻenehana like o ka wā Ningde.I mea e hoʻololi ai i ke kūlana, hoʻolālā ʻo BYD e hoʻokaʻawale i ka pā uila a hoʻomaka i ka "blade battery".

Mai ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a me ka wehe ʻana, ʻo ka pā lithium kekahi o nā kahua liʻiliʻi e hiki ke hopu i nā ʻāina kūkulu.ʻO nā kumu penei: ʻo ka mea mua, pili nui ka mokuʻāina i ka palekana hoʻolālā;ʻO ka lua, ʻaʻole i lohi ka hoʻomaka;ʻO ke kolu, ua lawa ka mākeke kūloko;ʻo ka hā, he hui o nā poʻe loea loea a me nā ʻoihana e hana pū i ka wā e wāwahi ai.Akā inā mākou e hoʻonui i loko, e like me ka inoa o Ningde era, ʻo ia ka holomua o ka hoʻokele waiwai o Kina a me ke au o nā kaʻa uila e hoʻohālike i ka wā Ningde.

I kēia mau lā, ʻaʻole i haʻalele ʻo Kina ma hope o nā ʻāina i hoʻomohala ʻia i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea anode a me nā electrolytes, akā aia kekahi mau hemahema, e like me ka mea hoʻokaʻawale pākaukau lithium, ka ikehu ikehu a pēlā aku.ʻIke loa, loaʻa i ka ʻenehana ʻenehana o ke komohana, Iapana a me South Korea kekahi mau pono.No ka laʻana, ʻoiai ʻo Ningde manawa i hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia i ka mākeke pākahi honua no nā makahiki he nui, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hōʻike noiʻi ʻoihana kūloko a me nā ʻāina ʻē iā Panasonic a me LG i ka pae mua, ʻoiai ʻo Ningde mau a me BYD i ka papa lua.

5/ Ka hopena
 

ʻO ka mea kānalua, me ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana o ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pā lithium i ka honua e hoʻolauna i kahi manaʻo ākea, e hāpai i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ikehu a me ka hana hou o ke kaiāulu kanaka, a hoʻokomo i ka manawa hou i ka hoʻomohala hoʻomau. o ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ke kaiāulu a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hoʻomalu kaiapuni.Ma ke ʻano he hui kaʻa alakaʻi i ka ʻoihana, ua like ʻo Tesla me ka iʻa iʻa.ʻOiai e hoʻoulu ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā kaʻa ikehu hou, ke alakaʻi nei nō hoʻi ia i ka hoʻokūkū ʻana i ka mākeke pākaukau lithium.

Ua hōʻike ʻo Zeng Yuqun i ka moʻolelo o loko o kāna kuʻikahi me Tesla: ua kamaʻilio ʻo musk i ke kumukūʻai i ka lā āpau.ʻO ka manaʻo e hoʻolei nei ʻo Tesla i ke kumukūʻai o nā pā.Eia nō naʻe, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia i ke kaʻina o Tesla a me Ningde e holo wikiwiki nei i ka mākeke Kina, ʻaʻole pono ka kaʻa a me ka pākaukau e haʻalele i ka pilikia maikaʻi ma muli o ke kumukūʻai.I ka manawa like, e hoʻemi nui ʻia ka moʻolelo kūloko o nā kulekele i manaʻo maikaʻi ʻia.

Eia kekahi, aia kahi ʻoiaʻiʻo weliweli.ʻOiai ʻo Kina ka mana o ka mākeke pākaukau lithium, ʻo nā ʻenehana nui a me nā patent o ka lithium iron phosphate a me nā mea ternary ʻaʻole i ka lima o ka poʻe Kina.Inā hoʻohālikelike ʻia me Iapana, he ʻokoʻa nui ʻo Kina i ka hoʻopukapuka kanaka a me ka hoʻopukapuka kālā ma ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka pā lithium.Hōʻike kēia i ke koʻikoʻi o ka noiʻi ʻepekema kumu, e hilinaʻi ana i ka hoʻomau lōʻihi a me ka hoʻopukapuka kālā o ka mokuʻāina, nā ʻoihana noiʻi ʻepekema a me nā ʻoihana.

I kēia manawa, ke neʻe nei nā pā lithium i ke kolu o ka hanauna ma hope o nā hanauna ʻelua o ka lithium cobalt oxide, lithium iron phosphate a me ka lithium ternary.ʻOiai ua māhele ʻia nā ʻenehana koʻikoʻi a me nā patent o nā hanauna ʻelua e nā hui ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole lawa ka waiwai nui o Kina, akā hiki iā ia ke hoʻohuli i ke kūlana i ka hanauna e hiki mai ana ma o ka hoʻonohonoho mua ʻana.I ka ʻike ʻana i ke ala hoʻomohala ʻenehana o ka noiʻi kumu a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, noiʻi noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā huahana o nā mea pākaukau, pono mākou e mākaukau no ke kaua lōʻihi.

Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pā lithium i Kina ke kū nei i nā pilikia he nui.No ka laʻana, i ka hoʻohana maoli ʻana i nā kaʻa uila lithium hou, aia kekahi mau pilikia, e like me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, lōʻihi ka manawa hoʻopiʻi, pōkole ke ola lawelawe a pēlā aku.

Mai ka makahiki 2019, ua kāpae ʻo Kina i ka "papa inoa keʻokeʻo" o nā pihi, a ua hoʻi nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe e like me LG a me Panasonic i ka mākeke Kina, me kahi hoʻolālā wikiwiki loa.I ka manawa like, me ka piʻi nui ʻana o ke kumukūʻai o nā pā lithium, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hoʻokūkū ma ka mākeke kūloko.ʻO kēia ka mea e koi ai i nā ʻoihana kūpono e lanakila i ka pono i ka hoʻokūkū piha me ka hana kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai huahana a me ka wikiwiki o ka pane ʻana i ka mākeke, i mea e hoʻoikaika ai i ka hoʻonui a me ka ulu mau ʻana o ka ʻoihana pākaukau lithium o Kina.